1, Darajar Hydroxyl: gram 1 na polymer polyol dauke da hydroxyl (-OH) daidai da adadin milligrams na KOH, naúrar mgKOH/g.
2, Daidai: matsakaicin nauyin kwayoyin halitta na ƙungiyar aiki.
3, Abun da ke cikin Isocyanate: abun da ke cikin isocyanate a cikin kwayar halitta
4, Ma'aunin Isocyanate: yana nuna matakin yawan isocyanate a cikin tsarin polyurethane, wanda yawanci harafin R ke wakilta.
5. Mai faɗaɗa sarka: Yana nufin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da amines waɗanda za su iya faɗaɗa, faɗaɗa ko samar da hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo na sarƙoƙin ƙwayoyin halitta.
6. Sashe mai tauri: Sashen sarka da aka samar ta hanyar amsawar isocyanate, mai faɗaɗa sarka da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa akan babban sarkar ƙwayoyin polyurethane, kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyin suna da ƙarfin haɗin kai mafi girma, girman sarari mafi girma da kuma ƙarfin tauri mafi girma.
7, Sashe mai laushi: Polyol polymer mai babban sarkar carbon carbon, sassauci yana da kyau, a cikin babban sarkar polyurethane don sashin sarkar mai sassauƙa.
8, Hanya ta Mataki Ɗaya: tana nufin oligomer polyol, diisocyanate, mai faɗaɗa sarka da kuma mai kara kuzari da aka gauraya a lokaci guda bayan allura kai tsaye a cikin mold, a wani takamaiman hanyar gyaran zafin jiki.
9, Hanyar Prepolymer: Na farko oligomer polyol da diisocyanate prepolymerization reaction, don samar da ƙarshen polyurethane bisa NCO prepolymer, zuba sannan prepolymer reaction tare da mai faɗaɗa sarka, shirya hanyar polyurethane elastomer, wanda ake kira hanyar prepolymer.
10, Hanyar Semi-prepolymer: Bambanci tsakanin hanyar Semi-prepolymer da hanyar prepolymer shine cewa an ƙara wani ɓangare na polyester polyol ko polyether polyol zuwa prepolymer a cikin nau'in cakuda tare da mai faɗaɗa sarka, mai kara kuzari, da sauransu.
11, Tsarin allurar amsawa: Wanda aka fi sani da RIM (Tsarin allurar amsawa), ana auna shi ta hanyar oligomers masu ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'in ruwa, ana haɗa shi nan take kuma ana allurar shi cikin mold a lokaci guda, kuma saurin amsawar a cikin ramin mold, nauyin kwayoyin halitta na kayan yana ƙaruwa da sauri. Tsarin samar da sabbin polymers gaba ɗaya tare da sabbin tsarin rukuni na halaye a cikin babban gudu.
12, Ma'aunin Kumfa: wato, adadin sassan ruwa da ake amfani da su a sassa 100 na polyether an bayyana su a matsayin ma'aunin kumfa (IF).
13, Maganin kumfa: gabaɗaya yana nufin amsawar ruwa da isocyanate don samar da urea da aka maye gurbinsu da kuma sakin CO2.
14, Gel reaction: gabaɗaya yana nufin samuwar carbamate reaction.
15, Lokacin Gel: a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kayan ruwa don samar da gel suna buƙatar lokaci.
16, Lokacin Madara: a ƙarshen yanki na I, abin da ke faruwa a cikin ruwan polyurethane. Wannan lokacin ana kiransa lokacin kirim a cikin samar da kumfa polyurethane.
17, Ma'aunin faɗaɗa sarka: yana nufin rabon adadin ƙungiyoyin amino da hydroxyl (naúrar: mo1) a cikin abubuwan faɗaɗa sarka (gami da mai faɗaɗa sarka gauraye) zuwa adadin NCO a cikin prepolymer, wato, rabon lambar mole (daidaitaccen lamba) na ƙungiyar hydrogen mai aiki zuwa NCO.
18, Polyether mara ƙarancin cikawa: galibi don haɓaka PTMG, farashin PPG, ƙarancin cikawa ya ragu zuwa 0.05mol/kg, kusa da aikin PTMG, ta amfani da mai haɓaka DMC, babban nau'in samfuran jerin Bayer Acclaim.
19, Maganin narkewar sinadarin ammonia ester: samar da sinadarin polyurethane don la'akari da ƙarfin narkewa, ƙimar narkewar sinadarai, amma samar da polyurethane da ake amfani da shi a cikin maganin, ya kamata ya mai da hankali kan la'akari da nauyin NC0 a cikin polyurethane. Ba za a iya zaɓar sinadaran narkewa kamar alcohols da ether alcohols waɗanda ke amsawa da ƙungiyoyin NCO ba. Maganin narkewar ba zai iya ƙunsar datti kamar ruwa da barasa ba, kuma ba zai iya ƙunsar abubuwan alkali ba, wanda zai sa polyurethane ta lalace.
Ba a yarda da sinadarin ester ya ƙunshi ruwa ba, kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi free acid da alcohols ba, waɗanda za su yi aiki da ƙungiyoyin NCO. Maganin ester da ake amfani da shi a cikin polyurethane ya kamata ya zama "mai narkewar ammonia ester" mai tsarki sosai. Wato, maganin yana amsawa da yawan isocyanate, sannan ana tantance adadin isocyanate da ba a mayar da martani ba tare da dibutylamine don gwada ko ya dace da amfani. Ka'idar ita ce shan isocyanate bai dace ba, domin yana nuna cewa ruwan da ke cikin ester, barasa, acid uku zai cinye jimlar ƙimar isocyanate, idan aka bayyana adadin gram na sinadarin da ake buƙata don cinye rukunin leqNCO, ƙimar ita ce kwanciyar hankali mai kyau.
Ba a amfani da isocyanate daidai da ƙasa da 2500 a matsayin mai narkewar polyurethane.
Rarrabuwar sinadaran yana da tasiri sosai kan yadda resin ke aiki. Girman rarrabuwar sinadaran yana da tasiri sosai, kamar bambancin toluene da methyl ethyl ketone sau 24, wannan rarrabuwar sinadaran yana da girma, zai iya samar da haɗin hydrogen tare da ƙungiyar alcohol hydroxyl kuma ya sa amsawar ta yi jinkiri.
Maganin ester mai polychlorinated ya fi kyau a zaɓi sinadarin aromatic, saurin amsawarsu ya fi sauri fiye da ester, ketone, kamar xylene. Amfani da sinadarin ester da ketone na iya tsawaita rayuwar polyurethane mai rassa biyu yayin gini. A cikin samar da rufin, zaɓin "mai narkewar ammonia" da aka ambata a baya yana da amfani ga masu daidaita yanayin da aka adana.
Sinadaran Ester suna da ƙarfi mai narkewa, matsakaicin saurin canzawa, ƙarancin guba kuma ana amfani da su fiye da haka, ana kuma amfani da cyclohexanone fiye da haka, sinadarin hydrocarbon yana da ƙarancin ƙarfin narkewar ƙarfi, ƙarancin amfani shi kaɗai, kuma ana amfani da shi fiye da sauran sinadarai.
20, Maganin busawa na zahiri: Maganin busawa na zahiri shine ramukan kumfa da ake samu ta hanyar canza siffar wani abu, wato, ta hanyar faɗaɗa iskar gas mai matsewa, canza ruwa ko narkar da daskararru.
21, Sinadaran busawa na sinadarai: Sinadaran busawa sune wadanda zasu iya fitar da iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide da nitrogen bayan dumamawa, sannan su samar da ramuka masu kyau a cikin sinadarin polymer na mahaɗin.
22, Haɗin gwiwa na zahiri: akwai wasu sarƙoƙi masu tauri a cikin sarƙar laushi ta polymer, kuma sarƙar mai tauri tana da halaye iri ɗaya na zahiri kamar robar da aka yi wa vulcanized bayan haɗin sinadarai a zafin da ke ƙasa da wurin laushi ko wurin narkewa.
23, Haɗin sinadarai: yana nufin tsarin haɗa manyan sarƙoƙi na kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar haɗin sinadarai a ƙarƙashin aikin haske, zafi, hasken wutar lantarki mai ƙarfi, ƙarfin injiniya, na'urorin duban dan tayi da kuma wakilan haɗin gwiwa don samar da polymer na hanyar sadarwa ko siffa.
24, Ma'aunin Kumfa: adadin sassan ruwa da suka yi daidai da sassan polyether 100 an bayyana su a matsayin ma'aunin kumfa (IF).
25. Waɗanne nau'ikan isocyanates ne ake amfani da su akai-akai dangane da tsari?
A: Aliphatic: HDI, alicyclic: IPDI,HTDI,HMDI, Aromatik: TDI,MDI,PAPI,PPDI,NDI.
26. Waɗanne irin isocyanates ne ake amfani da su akai-akai? Rubuta tsarin tsari
A: Toluene diisocyanate (TDI), diphenylmethane-4,4 '-diisocyanate (MDI), polyphenylmethane polyisocyanate (PAPI), MDI mai ruwa-ruwa, hexamethylene-diisocyanate (HDI).
27. Ma'anar TDI-100 da TDI-80?
A: TDI-100 ya ƙunshi toluene diisocyanate mai tsarin 2,4; TDI-80 yana nufin cakuda wanda ya ƙunshi kashi 80% na toluene diisocyanate na tsarin 2,4 da kuma kashi 20% na tsarin 2,6.
28. Menene halayen TDI da MDI a cikin haɗakar kayan polyurethane?
A: Reactivity na 2,4-TDI da 2,6-TDI. Reactivity na 2,4-TDI ya fi na 2,6-TDI sau da yawa, saboda NCO mai matsayi 4 a cikin 2,4-TDI yana da nisa da NCO mai matsayi 2 da ƙungiyar methyl, kuma kusan babu juriyar steric, yayin da NCO na 2,6-TDI yana shafar tasirin steric na ƙungiyar ortho-methyl.
Rukunin NCO guda biyu na MDI suna da nisa kuma babu wani madadin da ke kusa, don haka ayyukan NCO guda biyu suna da yawa. Ko da NCO ɗaya ya shiga cikin amsawar, aikin sauran NCO yana raguwa, kuma aikin har yanzu yana da girma gabaɗaya. Saboda haka, amsawar MDI polyurethane prepolymer ya fi na TDI prepolymer girma.
29.HDI, IPDI, MDI, TDI, NDI, wanne daga cikin juriyar rawaya ya fi kyau?
A: HDI (na cikin ruwan rawaya mai launin rawaya mai launin aliphatic diisocyanate), IPDI (wanda aka yi da resin polyurethane mai kyakkyawan kwanciyar hankali da juriya ga sinadarai, wanda galibi ana amfani da shi don ƙera resin polyurethane mai inganci wanda ba ya canza launi).
30. Manufar gyaran MDI da hanyoyin gyara gama gari
A: MDI Mai Ruwa: Manufar da aka gyara: MDI mai ruwa mai tsafta MDI ne mai ruwa mai tsafta, wanda ke shawo kan wasu lahani na MDI mai tsafta (mai tauri a zafin ɗaki, narkewa lokacin amfani da shi, dumama da yawa yana shafar aikin), kuma yana ba da tushen sauye-sauye iri-iri don haɓakawa da haɓaka aikin kayan polyurethane na MDI.
Hanyoyi:
① urethane da aka gyara da ruwa mai tsafta MDI.
② carbodimide da uretonimine da aka gyara da ruwa mai tsafta MDI.
31. Waɗanne nau'ikan polyols na polymer ake amfani da su akai-akai?
A: Polyester polyol, Polyether polyol
32. Hanyoyin samar da masana'antu nawa ne ake da su don polyester polyols?
A: Hanyar narkewar injin tsotsa B, hanyar narkewar iskar gas mai ɗaukar kaya C, hanyar tace azeotropic
33. Waɗanne siffofi ne na musamman a kan tushen ƙwayoyin halitta na polyester da polyether polyols?
A: Polyester polyol: Wani sinadari mai guba wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar ester a kan kashin bayan ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma ƙungiyar hydroxyl (-OH) a kan ƙungiyar ƙarshe. Polyether polyols: Polymers ko oligomers waɗanda ke ɗauke da haɗin ether (-O-) da ƙarshen madauri (-Oh) ko ƙungiyoyin amine (-NH2) a cikin tsarin kashin bayan ƙwayoyin halitta.
34. Waɗanne nau'ikan polyether polyols ne suka dace da halayensu?
A: Polyether polyols masu aiki sosai, polyether polyols da aka dasa, polyether polyols masu hana harshen wuta, heterocyclic modified polyether polyols, polytetrahydrofuran polyols.
35. Nau'ikan polyether na yau da kullun nawa ne ake da su bisa ga wakilin farawa?
A: Polyoxide propylene glycol, polyoxide propylene triol, polyether polyether kumfa mai tauri, polyether polyol mai ƙarancin cikawa.
36. Menene bambanci tsakanin polyethers masu ƙarewa daga hydroxy da polyethers masu ƙarewa daga amine?
Polyethers na aminoterminated sune polyoxide allyl ethers waɗanda aka maye gurbin ƙarshen hydroxyl da ƙungiyar amine.
37. Waɗanne irin abubuwan ƙarfafawa na polyurethane ake amfani da su akai-akai? Waɗanne nau'ikan da ake amfani da su akai-akai ne aka haɗa?
A: Abubuwan da ke ƙara yawan sinadarin amine a jiki, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su sune: triethylenediamine, dimethylethanolamine, n-methylmorpholine,N, n-dimethylcyclohexamine
Sinadaran alkyl na ƙarfe, nau'ikan da aka fi amfani da su sune: abubuwan kara kuzari na organotin, ana iya raba su zuwa stannous octoate, stannous oleate, da dibutyltin dilaurate.
38. Waɗanne ne masu faɗaɗa sarkar polyurethane ko masu haɗa hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da ake amfani da su akai-akai?
A: Polyols (1, 4-butanediol), alcohols na alicyclic, alcohols masu ƙamshi, diamines, alcohol amines (ethanolamine, diethanolamine)
39. Tsarin amsawar isocyanates
A: Haɗarin isocyanates tare da mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki yana faruwa ne sakamakon cibiyar nucleophilic na ƙwayar sinadarin hydrogen mai aiki tana kai hari ga ƙwayar carbon mai tushen NCO. Tsarin amsawar shine kamar haka:
40. Ta yaya tsarin isocyanate ke shafar amsawar ƙungiyoyin NCO?
A: Tsarin electronegativity na rukunin AR: idan rukunin R rukuni ne mai shan electrons, yawan electrons na atom C a cikin rukunin -NCO ya yi ƙasa, kuma yana da sauƙin kamuwa da harin nucleophiles, wato, yana da sauƙin aiwatar da halayen nucleophilic tare da alcohols, amines da sauran mahadi. Idan R rukuni ne na masu ba da gudummawar electrons kuma an canja shi ta cikin girgijen electrons, yawan electrons na atom C a cikin rukunin -NCO zai ƙaru, wanda hakan zai sa ya zama ƙasa da sauƙin kamuwa da harin nucleophiles, kuma ikon amsawarsa tare da mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki zai ragu. B. Tasirin Induction: Saboda diisocyanate mai ƙanshi ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin NCO guda biyu, lokacin da kwayar halittar -NCO ta farko ta shiga cikin amsawar, saboda tasirin haɗin zoben aromatic, ƙungiyar -NCO wacce ba ta shiga cikin amsawar za ta taka rawar ƙungiyar shan electrons, don haka aikin amsawar ƙungiyar NCO ta farko ya inganta, wanda shine tasirin induction. C. tasirin sitric: A cikin ƙwayoyin diisocyanate masu ƙanshi, idan ƙungiyoyin -NCO guda biyu suna cikin zoben ƙanshi a lokaci guda, to tasirin ƙungiyar NCO ɗaya akan amsawar ɗayan ƙungiyar NCO sau da yawa yana da mahimmanci. Duk da haka, lokacin da ƙungiyoyin NCO guda biyu suka kasance a cikin zoben ƙanshi daban-daban a cikin kwayar halitta ɗaya, ko kuma an raba su da sarƙoƙin hydrocarbon ko zoben ƙanshi, hulɗar da ke tsakaninsu ƙarami ce, kuma tana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar tsawon sarƙar hydrocarbon ko ƙaruwar adadin zoben ƙanshi.
41. Nau'ikan mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki da kuma amsawar NCO
A: Aliphatic NH2> Ƙungiyar ƙamshi Bozui OH> Ruwa > Secondary OH> Phenol OH> Ƙungiyar Carboxyl > Urea mai maye gurbin > Amido> Carbamate. (Idan yawan gajimare na electron na cibiyar nucleophilic ya fi girma, electronegativity ya fi ƙarfi, kuma aikin amsawar tare da isocyanate ya fi girma kuma saurin amsawar ya fi sauri; In ba haka ba, aikin ya yi ƙasa.)
42. Tasirin mahaɗan hydroxyl akan amsawarsu da isocyanates
A: Reactivity na mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki (ROH ko RNH2) yana da alaƙa da halayen R, lokacin da R ƙungiya ce ta cire electrons (ƙananan electronegativity), yana da wuya a canja wurin atom ɗin hydrogen, kuma reactivation tsakanin mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki da NCO ya fi wahala; Idan R madadin bayar da electrons ne, za a iya inganta reactivity na mahaɗan hydrogen masu aiki tare da NCO.
43. Menene amfanin isocyanate reaction da ruwa?
A: Yana ɗaya daga cikin halayen farko wajen shirya kumfa polyurethane. Amsar da ke tsakaninsu da farko tana samar da sinadarin carbamic acid wanda ba shi da ƙarfi, wanda daga nan zai rikide ya zama CO2 da amines, kuma idan isocyanate ya wuce gona da iri, amine ɗin da ya fito zai yi aiki da isocyanate don samar da urea.
44. A lokacin shirya polyurethane elastomers, ya kamata a kula da yawan ruwan da ke cikin polymer polyols sosai.
A: Ba a buƙatar kumfa a cikin elastomers, shara da zare, don haka dole ne a sarrafa yawan ruwan da ke cikin kayan da aka yi amfani da su sosai, yawanci ƙasa da 0.05%.
45. Bambance-bambance a cikin tasirin catalytic na amine da tin catalysts akan halayen isocyanate
A: Masu haɓaka sinadarin amine na ƙasa suna da ingantaccen tasirin catalytic don amsawar isocyanate tare da ruwa, yayin da masu haɓaka sinadarin tin suna da babban ingancin catalytic don amsawar isocyanate tare da rukunin hydroxyl.
46. Me yasa za a iya ɗaukar resin polyurethane a matsayin polymer mai toshewa, kuma menene halayen tsarin sarkar?
Amsa: Saboda sashin sarkar resin polyurethane ya ƙunshi sassa masu tauri da laushi, ɓangaren mai tauri yana nufin sashin sarkar da aka samar ta hanyar amsawar isocyanate, mai faɗaɗa sarkar da kuma mai haɗin gwiwa akan babban sarkar ƙwayoyin polyurethane, kuma waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna da ƙarfin haɗin kai mafi girma, girman sarari mafi girma da kuma tauri mafi girma. Sashen mai laushi yana nufin polyol polymer mai girma na sarkar carbon-carbon, wanda ke da kyakkyawan sassauci kuma yanki ne mai sassauƙa a cikin babban sarkar polyurethane.
47. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke shafar halayen kayan polyurethane?
A: Ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa na rukuni, haɗin hydrogen, lu'ulu'u, matakin haɗin gwiwa, nauyin kwayoyin halitta, ɓangaren tauri, ɓangaren laushi.
48. Waɗanne kayan aiki ne sassan laushi da tauri a kan babban sarkar kayan polyurethane?
A: Sashen mai laushi ya ƙunshi polyols na oligomer (polyester, polyether diols, da sauransu), kuma sashin mai tauri ya ƙunshi polyisocyanates ko haɗinsu da ƙananan masu faɗaɗa sarkar ƙwayoyin halitta.
49. Ta yaya sassan laushi da sassan tauri ke shafar halayen kayan polyurethane?
A: Sashe mai laushi: (1) Nauyin kwayoyin halitta na sashin laushi: idan aka yi la'akari da cewa nauyin kwayoyin halitta na polyurethane iri ɗaya ne, idan sashin laushi polyester ne, ƙarfin polyurethane zai ƙaru tare da ƙaruwar nauyin kwayoyin halitta na polyester diol; Idan sashin laushi polyether ne, ƙarfin polyurethane yana raguwa tare da ƙaruwar nauyin kwayoyin halitta na polyether diol, amma tsayin daka yana ƙaruwa. (2) Ƙirgar sassan laushi: Yana da ƙarin gudummawa ga ƙimar lu'ulu'u na sashin sarkar polyurethane mai layi. Gabaɗaya, lu'ulu'u yana da amfani don inganta aikin samfuran polyurethane, amma wani lokacin lu'ulu'u yana rage ƙarancin sassaucin yanayin zafi na kayan, kuma lu'ulu'u polymer sau da yawa ba ya bayyana.
Sashen Tauri: Sashen sarkar tauri yawanci yana shafar zafin laushi da narkewa da kuma yanayin zafi mai yawa na polymer. Polyurethanes da isocyanates masu ƙanshi suka shirya suna ɗauke da zoben ƙamshi masu tauri, don haka ƙarfin polymer a cikin sashin tauri yana ƙaruwa, kuma ƙarfin abu gabaɗaya ya fi na polyurethane isocyanate aliphatic girma, amma juriya ga lalacewar ultraviolet ba shi da kyau, kuma yana da sauƙin yin rawaya. Polyurethanes na Aliphatic ba sa yin rawaya.
50. Rarraba kumfa na polyurethane
A: (1) kumfa mai tauri da kumfa mai laushi, (2) kumfa mai yawa da ƙarancin yawa, (3) nau'in polyester, kumfa mai nau'in polyether, (4) nau'in TDI, kumfa mai nau'in MDI, (5) kumfa mai polyurethane da kumfa mai polyisocyanurate, (6) hanyar mataki ɗaya da hanyar samar da prepolymerization, hanyar ci gaba da samarwa lokaci-lokaci, (8) kumfa mai toshewa da kumfa mai siffar da aka ƙera.
51. Abubuwan da suka fi muhimmanci a cikin shirye-shiryen kumfa
A: Yana nufin martanin -NCO tare da -OH, -NH2 da H2O, kuma lokacin da ake amsawa da polyols, "halayen gel" a cikin tsarin kumfa gabaɗaya yana nufin amsawar samuwar carbamete. Saboda kayan kumfa suna amfani da kayan aiki masu aiki da yawa, ana samun hanyar sadarwa mai haɗin gwiwa, wanda ke ba da damar tsarin kumfa ya yi gel da sauri.
Maganin kumfa yana faruwa ne a tsarin kumfa tare da kasancewar ruwa. Abin da ake kira "haɗarin kumfa" gabaɗaya yana nufin amsawar ruwa da isocyanate don samar da urea da aka maye gurbinsu da kuma sakin CO2.
52. Tsarin kumfa na nukiliya
Kayan da aka samar yana amsawa a cikin ruwa ko kuma ya dogara da zafin da aka samu ta hanyar amsawar don samar da wani abu mai iskar gas da kuma kunna iskar. Tare da ci gaban amsawar da kuma samar da zafi mai yawa, adadin abubuwan da ke haifar da iskar gas da kuma saurin amsawar suna ƙaruwa akai-akai. Lokacin da yawan iskar gas ya ƙaru fiye da yawan cikar da ke cikinsa, kumfa mai dorewa zai fara samuwa a matakin maganin kuma ya ƙaru.
53. Matsayin mai daidaita kumfa a cikin shirya kumfa polyurethane
A: Yana da tasirin emulsification, don haka ya inganta narkewar juna tsakanin sassan kayan kumfa; Bayan ƙara silicone surfactant, saboda yana rage matsin lamba a saman γ na ruwa sosai, ƙaruwar kuzarin da ake buƙata don watsawar iskar gas yana raguwa, don haka iskar da aka watsa a cikin kayan albarkatun ƙasa tana iya haifar da nucleation yayin aikin haɗawa, wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga samar da ƙananan kumfa kuma yana inganta kwanciyar hankali na kumfa.
54. Tsarin kwanciyar hankali na kumfa
A: Ƙara sinadaran surfactant masu dacewa yana taimakawa wajen samar da kumfa mai laushi.
55. Tsarin samuwar kumfa mai buɗewa da kumfa mai rufewa
A: Tsarin samuwar kumfa mai buɗewa: A mafi yawan lokuta, idan akwai babban matsin lamba a cikin kumfa, ƙarfin bangon kumfa da aka samar ta hanyar amsawar gel ba shi da yawa, kuma fim ɗin bango ba zai iya jure wa mikewar da matsin iskar gas ke haifarwa ba, ana ja fim ɗin bangon kumfa, kuma iskar gas ɗin tana fita daga fashewa, tana samar da kumfa mai buɗewa.
Tsarin samar da kumfa mai rufewa: Ga tsarin kumfa mai tauri, saboda amsawar polyether polyols masu aiki da yawa da ƙarancin nauyin kwayoyin halitta tare da polyisocyanate, saurin gel ɗin yana da sauri, kuma iskar gas da ke cikin kumfa ba zai iya karya bangon kumfa ba, don haka yana samar da kumfa mai rufewa.
56. Tsarin kumfa na sinadarin kumfa na zahiri da kuma sinadarin kumfa
A: Maganin busawa ta zahiri: Maganin busawa ta zahiri shine ramukan kumfa suna samuwa ta hanyar canza siffar wani abu, wato, ta hanyar faɗaɗa iskar gas mai matsewa, canza ruwa ko narkar da daskararru.
Sinadaran busawa na sinadarai: Sinadaran busawa na sinadarai sune sinadarai waɗanda, idan zafi ya ruɓe su, suna fitar da iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide da nitrogen kuma suna samar da ƙananan ramuka a cikin abubuwan da ke cikin polymer.
57. Hanyar shiri na kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane
A: Hanyar mataki ɗaya da hanyar prepolymer
Hanyar Prepolymer: wato, polyether polyol da kuma yawan TDI ana yin su ne a matsayin prepolymer wanda ke ɗauke da ƙungiyar NCO kyauta, sannan a haɗa su da ruwa, mai kara kuzari, mai daidaita yanayi, da sauransu, don yin kumfa. Hanya ta mataki ɗaya: Ana haɗa nau'ikan kayan da aka haɗa kai tsaye cikin kan hadawa ta hanyar lissafi, kuma ana yin mataki da kumfa, wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ci gaba da kuma tsaka-tsaki.
58. Halayen kumfa a kwance da kuma kumfa a tsaye
Hanyar farantin matsi mai daidaito: wanda aka siffanta ta da amfani da takarda ta sama da farantin murfin sama. Hanyar rami mai ambaliya: wanda aka siffanta ta da amfani da farantin saukar da rami mai ambaliya da bel ɗin jigilar kaya.
Halayen kumfa a tsaye: zaku iya amfani da ƙaramin kwarara don samun babban yanki na tubalan kumfa, kuma yawanci kuna amfani da injin kumfa a kwance don samun sashe ɗaya na tubalan, matakin kwararar ya fi girma fiye da kumfa a tsaye sau 3 zuwa 5; Saboda babban ɓangaren giciye na toshe kumfa, babu fata ta sama da ƙasa, kuma fatar gefen ma siririya ce, don haka asarar yankewa ta ragu sosai. Kayan aikin sun rufe ƙaramin yanki, tsayin shuka yana da kusan mita 12 ~ 13, kuma farashin saka hannun jari na shuka da kayan aiki ya yi ƙasa da na tsarin kumfa a kwance; Yana da sauƙi a maye gurbin hopper da samfurin don samar da jikin kumfa mai siffar silinda ko murabba'i, musamman sandunan kumfa masu zagaye don yankewa.
59. Mahimman abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen zaɓar kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen shirya kumfa mai laushi
A: Polyol: Polyether polyol don kumfa na yau da kullun, nauyin kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya shine 3000 ~ 4000, galibi polyether triol. Ana amfani da polyether triol mai nauyin kwayoyin halitta na 4500 ~ 6000 don kumfa mai ƙarfi. Tare da ƙaruwar nauyin kwayoyin halitta, ƙarfin juriya, tsawaitawa da juriya na kumfa yana ƙaruwa. Reactivity na polyether iri ɗaya yana raguwa. Tare da ƙaruwar matakin aiki na polyether, amsawar yana ƙaruwa, matakin haɗin polyurethane yana ƙaruwa, taurin kumfa yana ƙaruwa, kuma tsawaitawa yana raguwa. Isocyanate: Kayan da aka yi amfani da shi na kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane galibi shine toluene diisocyanate (TDI-80). Ƙananan aikin TDI-65 ana amfani da shi ne kawai don kumfa polyurethane polyester ko kumfa polyether na musamman. Mai ƙara kuzari: Ana iya raba fa'idodin kumfa mai laushi mai yawa zuwa rukuni biyu: ɗaya shine mahaɗan organometallic, stannous caprylate shine mafi yawan amfani; Wani nau'in kuma shine thitered amines, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su azaman dimethylaminoethyl ethers. Mai daidaita kumfa: A cikin polyester polyurethane bulk kumfa, ana amfani da surfactants marasa silicone, kuma a cikin polyether bulk kumfa, ana amfani da organosilica-oxidized olefin copolymer galibi. Maganin kumfa: Gabaɗaya, ana amfani da ruwa ne kawai azaman maganin kumfa lokacin da yawan kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane ya fi kilogiram 21 a kowace mita mai siffar cubic; Ana amfani da ƙananan mahaɗan tafasa kamar methylene chloride (MC) azaman maganin busawa na taimako kawai a cikin tsarin ƙarancin yawa.
60. Tasirin yanayin muhalli akan halayen zahiri na kumfa mai toshewa
A: Tasirin zafin jiki: kumfa na polyurethane yana ƙaruwa yayin da zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa, wanda zai haifar da haɗarin ƙonewa a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta da wuta a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta masu laushi. Tasirin danshi na iska: Tare da ƙaruwar danshi, saboda amsawar ƙungiyar isocyanate a cikin kumfa tare da ruwa a cikin iska, taurin kumfa yana raguwa kuma tsayin kumfa yana ƙaruwa. Ƙarfin tauri na kumfa yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙaruwar ƙungiyar urea. Tasirin matsin lamba na yanayi: Ga wannan dabarar, lokacin da ake yin kumfa a tsayi mafi girma, yawan yana raguwa sosai.
61. Babban bambanci tsakanin tsarin kayan da ake amfani da su don kumfa mai laushi da aka yi da sanyi da kuma kumfa mai zafi da aka yi da roba
A: Kayan da ake amfani da su wajen gyaran sanyi suna da yawan amsawa, kuma babu buƙatar dumamawa ta waje yayin warkarwa, dangane da zafin da tsarin ke samarwa, ana iya kammala aikin warkarwa cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma ana iya sakin mold ɗin cikin 'yan mintuna bayan allurar kayan. Rarraba kumfa mai gyaran zafi yana da ƙasa, kuma ana buƙatar a dumama cakuda tare da mold ɗin bayan kumfa a cikin mold ɗin, kuma ana iya sakin samfurin kumfa bayan ya girma sosai a cikin hanyar yin burodi.
62. Menene halayen kumfa mai laushi da aka ƙera da sanyi idan aka kwatanta da kumfa mai zafi
A: ① Tsarin samarwa ba ya buƙatar zafi na waje, yana iya adana zafi mai yawa; ② Babban ma'aunin raguwa (rabo mai haɗuwa), kyakkyawan aiki mai daɗi; ③ Babban saurin dawowa; ④ Kumfa ba tare da mai hana harshen wuta ba shi ma yana da wasu kaddarorin hana harshen wuta; ⑤ Tsarin samarwa na ɗan gajeren lokaci, yana iya adana mold, yana adana farashi.
63. Halaye da amfani da kumfa mai laushi da kumfa mai tauri bi da bi
A: Halayen kumfa mai laushi: Tsarin tantanin halitta na kumfa mai laushi na polyurethane galibi a buɗe yake. Gabaɗaya, yana da ƙarancin yawa, kyakkyawan farfadowa na roba, shan sauti, iska mai shiga, adana zafi da sauran halaye. Amfani: Ana amfani da shi galibi don kayan daki, kayan matashi, kayan matashin kujera na abin hawa, nau'ikan kayan haɗin gwiwa masu laushi, kumfa mai laushi na masana'antu da na farar hula ana amfani da su azaman kayan tacewa, kayan rufin sauti, kayan kariya daga girgiza, kayan ado, kayan marufi da kayan rufin zafi.
Halayen kumfa mai tauri: kumfa mai tauri na polyurethane yana da nauyi mai sauƙi, ƙarfi mai girma da kwanciyar hankali mai kyau; Aikin kariya na zafi na kumfa mai tauri na polyurethane ya fi kyau. Ƙarfin manne mai ƙarfi; Kyakkyawan aiki na tsufa, tsawon rai na sabis na adiabatic; Haɗin amsawar yana da kyakkyawan ruwa kuma yana iya cika rami ko sararin siffa mai rikitarwa cikin sauƙi. Kayan da aka samar da kumfa mai tauri na polyurethane yana da babban amsawa, yana iya samun waraka cikin sauri, kuma yana iya samun ingantaccen aiki da yawan samarwa a masana'anta.
Amfani: Ana amfani da shi azaman kayan rufi ga firiji, injinan daskarewa, kwantena masu sanyaya, ajiyar sanyi, bututun mai da ruwan zafi, rufin gini da rufin gini, allon sanwici na rufi, da sauransu.
64. Muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin ƙirar dabarar kumfa mai tauri
A: Polyols: Polyether polyols da ake amfani da su don hadakar kumfa mai tauri gabaɗaya suna da ƙarfi mai yawa, polypropylene oxide polyols mai ƙarancin nauyi; Isocyanate: A halin yanzu, isocyanate da ake amfani da shi don hadakar kumfa mai tauri galibi polymethylene polyphenyl polyisocyanate (wanda aka fi sani da PAPI), wato, MDI mai ɗanɗano da kuma MDI mai polymerized; Masu hura iska:(1)CFC mai hura iska (2)HCFC da HFC mai hura iska (3) pentane mai hura iska (4) ruwa; Kumfa mai daidaita kumfa: Kumfa mai daidaita kumfa da ake amfani da shi don hadakar kumfa mai tauri polyurethane gabaɗaya polymer ne na polydimethylsiloxane da polyoxolefin. A halin yanzu, yawancin masu daidaita kumfa galibi nau'in Si-C ne; Mai daidaita kumfa: Mai daidaita kumfa mai tauri galibi shine amine na uku, kuma ana iya amfani da mai daidaita organotin a lokuta na musamman; Sauran ƙari: Dangane da buƙatun da buƙatun amfani daban-daban na samfuran kumfa mai tauri na polyurethane, ana iya ƙara abubuwan hana harshen wuta, abubuwan buɗewa, masu hana hayaki, magungunan hana tsufa, magungunan hana ƙaiƙayi, magungunan tauri da sauran ƙari a cikin dabarar.
65. Ka'idar shirya kumfa mai siffar fata gaba ɗaya
A: Kumfa mai laushi (ISF), wanda kuma aka sani da kumfa mai laushi (kumfa mai laushi), kumfa ne na filastik wanda ke samar da fatarsa mai kauri a lokacin ƙera ta.
66. Halaye da amfanin polyurethane microporous elastomers
A: Halaye: Polyurethane elastomer wani nau'in polymer ne na toshe, wanda aka haɗa shi da oligomer polyol mai sassauci mai tsawon sarka mai laushi, diisocyanate da mai faɗaɗa sarka don samar da wani tsari mai tauri, sashe mai tauri da sashe mai laushi, wanda ke samar da wani tsari mai maimaitawa. Baya ga ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyin ammonia ester, polyurethane na iya samar da haɗin hydrogen a ciki da tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta, kuma sassan masu laushi da masu tauri na iya samar da yankuna na microphase kuma suna samar da rabuwar microphase.
67. Menene manyan halayen aiki na polyurethane elastomers?
A: Halayen aiki: 1, ƙarfi mai yawa da sassauci, ana iya samun su a cikin nau'ikan tauri iri-iri (Shaw A10 ~ Shaw D75) don kiyaye babban sassauci; Gabaɗaya, ƙarancin tauri da ake buƙata ana iya cimmawa ba tare da mai ba da filastik ba, don haka babu matsala da ƙaura ta mai ba da filastik ke haifarwa; 2, ƙarƙashin irin wannan tauri, ƙarfin ɗaukar kaya mafi girma fiye da sauran elastomers; 3, kyakkyawan juriyar lalacewa, juriyar sa ta sa ta ninka ta roba ta halitta sau 2 zuwa 10; 4. Kyakkyawan juriyar mai da sinadarai; Mai ƙamshi mai jure hasken polyurethane; Kyakkyawan juriyar iskar oxygen da juriyar ozone; 5, juriyar tasiri mai yawa, kyakkyawan juriyar gajiya da juriyar girgiza, ya dace da aikace-aikacen lanƙwasa mai yawa; 6, ƙarancin sassaucin zafin jiki yana da kyau; 7, ba za a iya amfani da polyurethane na yau da kullun sama da 100 ℃ ba, amma amfani da dabara ta musamman na iya jure zafin jiki mai girma 140 ℃; 8, farashin ƙira da sarrafawa suna da ƙarancin inganci.
68. An rarraba polyurethane elastomers bisa ga polyols, isocyanates, hanyoyin kera kayayyaki, da sauransu.
A: 1. Dangane da kayan da aka yi amfani da su wajen kera polyol na oligomer, ana iya raba polyurethane elastomers zuwa nau'in polyester, nau'in polyether, nau'in polyolefin, nau'in polycarbonate, da sauransu. Ana iya raba nau'in polyether zuwa nau'in polytetrahydrofuran da nau'in polypropylene oxide bisa ga takamaiman nau'ikan; 2. Dangane da bambancin diisocyanate, ana iya raba shi zuwa aliphatic da aromatic elastomers, sannan a raba shi zuwa nau'in TDI, nau'in MDI, nau'in IPDI, nau'in NDI da sauran nau'ikan; Daga tsarin kera, ana raba polyurethane elastomers zuwa rukuni uku: nau'in siminti (CPU), thermoplasticity (TPU) da nau'in hadawa (MPU).
69. Waɗanne abubuwa ne ke shafar halayen polyurethane elastomers daga mahangar tsarin kwayoyin halitta?
A: Daga mahangar tsarin kwayoyin halitta, polyurethane elastomer wani nau'in polymer ne na toshewa, wanda galibi ya ƙunshi oligomer polyols mai sassauci mai tsawon sarkar laushi, diisocyanate da mai faɗaɗa sarka don samar da wani tsari mai tauri, sashe mai tauri da sashe mai laushi, wanda ke samar da wani tsari mai maimaitawa. Baya ga ƙunshe da ƙungiyoyin ammonia ester, polyurethane na iya samar da haɗin hydrogen a ciki da tsakanin ƙwayoyin, kuma sassan masu laushi da tauri na iya samar da yankuna na microphase kuma suna samar da rabuwar microphase. Waɗannan halayen tsarin suna sa polyurethane elastomers su sami juriya da tauri mai kyau, wanda aka sani da "roba mai jure lalacewa".
70. Bambancin aiki tsakanin nau'in polyester na yau da kullun da nau'in polytetrahydrofuran ether elastomers
A: Kwayoyin Polyester sun ƙunshi ƙarin ƙungiyoyin ester na polar (-COO-), waɗanda zasu iya samar da haɗin hydrogen mai ƙarfi a cikin ƙwayoyin halitta, don haka polyester polyurethane yana da ƙarfi mai yawa, juriya ga lalacewa da juriya ga mai.
Elastomer ɗin da aka shirya daga polyether polyols yana da kyakkyawan daidaiton hydrolysis, juriya ga yanayi, ƙarancin sassauci a yanayin zafi da juriya ga mold. Tushen labarin/Binciken koyon polymer
Lokacin Saƙo: Janairu-17-2024